MVC Architecture

By, 

Veena Sawant

MVC is popular as it isolates the application logic from the user interface layer and supports separation of concerns. Here the Controller receives all requests for the application and then works with the Model to prepare any data needed by the View. The View then uses the data prepared by the Controller to generate a final presentable response. The MVC abstraction can be graphically represented as follows.Model–view–controller (MVC) is a software architectural pattern mostly for implementing user interfaces (but not only for user interfaces). It divides a given software application into three interconnected parts, so as to separate internal representations of information from the ways that information is presented to or accepted from the user.

Traditionally used for desktop graphical user interfaces, this architecture has become extremely popular for designing web applications.Model View Controller or MVC as it is popularly called, is a software design pattern for developing web applications. A Model View Controller pattern is made up of the following three parts:

 Models :The lowest level of the pattern which is responsible for maintaining data. Models represent knowledge. A model could be a single object (rather uninteresting), or it could be some structure of objects.

The model is responsible for managing the data of the application. It responds to the request from the view and it also responds to instructions from the controller to update itself.

There should be a one-to-one correspondence between the model and its parts on the one hand, and the represented world as perceived by the owner of the model on the other hand.

 Views :This is responsible for displaying all or a portion of the data to the user. A view is a (visual) representation of its model. It would ordinarily highlight certain attributes of the model and suppress others. It is thus acting as a presentation filter.

A presentation of data in a particular format, triggered by a controller's decision to present the data. They are script based templating systems like JSP, ASP, PHP and very easy to integrate with AJAX technology.

A view is attached to its model (or model part) and gets the data necessary for the presentation from the model by asking questions. It may also update the model by sending appropriate messages. All these questions and messages have to be in the terminology of the model, the view will therefore have to know the semantics of the attributes of the model it represents.

 Controllers :Software Code that controls the interactions between the Model and View. A controller is the link between a user and the system. It provides the user with input by arranging for relevant views to present themselves in appropriate places on the screen. It provides means for user output by presenting the user with menus or other means of giving commands and data. The controller receives such user output, translates it into the appropriate messages and pass these messages on to one or more of the views.

The controller is responsible for responding to user input and perform interactions on the data model objects. The controller receives the input, it validates the input and then performs the business operation that modifies the state of the data model.

CMMI

By,

Sateesh DS

The Capability Maturity Model Integration, or CMMI, is a process model that provides a clear definition of what an organization should do to promote behaviors that lead to improved performance. With five “Maturity Levels” or three “Capability Levels,” the CMMI defines the most important elements that are required to build great products, or deliver great services and wraps them all up in a comprehensive model.

A maturity level is a well-defined evolutionary plateau toward achieving a mature software process. Each maturity level provides a layer in the foundation for continuous process improvement.

In CMMI models with a staged representation, there are five maturity levels designated by the numbers 1 through 5.

1. Initial
2. Managed
3. Defined
4. Quantitatively Managed
5. Optimizing

Android Heating Issues

By, 

Gauri Naik

The world is getting Smarter day by day. We are becoming more and more dependent on our smartphones and tablets, as they seem to become a universal device that you can use to access the information that is so important nowadays. But, when you depend so much on a single piece, you have to be responsible enough that you handle it with equal amount of care. Because when your Android smartphone or tablet heats up that is the time you have hundreds of questions oscillating in your brain.

What’s causing the Over-Heating?

We invest much more when it comes to buying our best buddy-the smartphone. And if issues like overheating would be the story behind everything than we got to think on it.

Some of the issues that result in overheating of the smart device include:

1. Excessive Gaming

This is one thing that manufacturers should have in mind and maybe they will be able to deploy a small cooling fan inside our smart, yet hot devices. Why does it heat up that fast when you’re playing games? Because you’re soliciting the “mother board” of the smartphone or tablet and it pushes electronic inputs at a much faster rate than when you write a message, for example. Playing a game requires a lot of resources from your phone and it represents the most obvious cause for overheating.

2. Continuous Online Browsing

Probably the second most consuming process is the online browsing. First of all, the smartphone or the Android tablet requires either GSM, EDGE, Wi-Fi or 3G connection to display online content. So first of all it has to support the wireless data transfer, then it has to make use of the video resources available to display the information that you need.

3. Old Battery and Inappropriate Use of it

Almost all manufacturers buy the batteries and incorporate them inside but they forget to mention that you need to replace them, as their life cycle varies from 300 to 500 charging cycles. If you drain the battery in 1-2 days, then you should change your battery once in 1-2 years. It’s a good investment and should increase its life and decrease the level of heating, as well try and avoid full discharges and don’t recharge only when your Android gizmo has already gone dead.

4. Stressing Your Gadget while it recharges

There are some of us who are so in love with their digital friends that they can’t leave them be not even when the phone is charging. This causes the phone to overheat and cause issues with the phone.

2. How to Avoid the Over-Heating

The very first step you need to be careful about all are the above enlisted points and avoid repeating the same mistakes.

•          Reduce your gaming obsessions

•          Moderate your online browsing sessions

•          Take care of your battery and leave your Android pal recharge in piece.

1. Disable Unwanted Functions

Be sure to check your Wi-Fi or Bluetooth connections, don’t leave them enabled if you don’t need them as your terminal will keep searching for new networks or other buddies to connect with.

2. Clean Smartphone/Tablet

Dust can infiltrate inside your device through the microphone fan and even infiltrate using the recharging orifice. If you are not sure how to open your Android smartphone or tablet and to pack it back, then run to a phone service nearby and ask them to clean it up.

3. Upgrade

It seems that battery life is being extend year after year, although there are no real plans yet for a real big life cycle and over-heating free pieces. Newer devices have improved operating system and are more optimized which should make them more appropriate for use, thus, cooler and more pleasant in your hand.

STOP SMOKING

By,

Rashmi Sharma

You decided to stop smoking? Great — it's one of the best things you can do for your health.

But quitting isn't easy. Nicotine — the addictive ingredient in tobacco — is as addictive as heroin or cocaine, according to the American Cancer Society.

In fact, the average person attempts to quit six times before succeeding.

Fortunately, there are steps you can take to set yourself up for success and kick the habit for good.

Set a date: Pick a day and time in the near future that you expect to be relatively stress-free so you can prepare to quit smoking.

Get your friends and family on board: The more support you have, the more likely you are to quit smoking.

Ask your loved ones to help keep you distracted by taking walks or playing games, and bear with you if you become cranky or irritable as you experience nicotine withdrawal.

Tell any smokers not to smoke around you, or better yet, ask your smoking buddies to quit with you.

Distract yourself: Keep celery stalks, carrot sticks, nuts, or gum handy to give your mouth something to do when cravings occur.

And finding some way to occupy your hands — knitting, woodworking, cooking, yoga, or yard work — will help keep your mind off smoking.

 Throw out all your cigarettes: Yes, even that emergency one you stashed away.

If you don't have cigarettes on hand, it will make it that much easier to stay the course when a craving hits.

Reward yourself: With all the money you'll save by not buying tobacco, you can buy new clothes, splurge on dinner, or start a new hobby.

Some people keep their cigarette money in a jar, then reward themselves with a treat each week.

Are We Really Heading Towards World War III??

Continued…

In July 2011, the governments of Syria, Iran and Iraq signed a historic gas pipeline energy agreement and this triggered US-Saudi-Qatari war to remove Syrian president Assad. 
This pipeline would run from the Persian Gulf (in Iran), to Damascus in Syria via Iraq territory. The agreement would make Syria the center of assembly and production in conjunction with the reserves of Lebanon. 
This is a geopolitically strategic space that geographically opens for the first time, extending from Iran to Iraq, Syria and Lebanon.
Shortly after signing with Iran and Iraq, on August 16, 2011, Basher al-Assad’s Syrian Ministry of Oil announced the discovery of a gas well in the Area of Qarah in the Central Region of Syria near Homs. 
Russia, with Assad in power, would be a major investor or operator of the new gas fields in Syria.
Iran ultimately plans to extend the pipeline from Damascus (Syria) to Lebanon’s Mediterranean port where it would be delivered to the huge EU market. 
Syria would buy Iranian gas along with a current Iraqi agreement to buy Iranian gas from Iran’s part of South Pars field.
Qatar, today the world’s largest exporter of LNG, largely to Asia, wants the same EU market that Iran and Syria eye. 
For that, they would build pipelines to the Mediterranean. Here is where getting rid of the pro Russian-Iranian-Chinese Assad is essential. 
In 2009 Qatar approached Basher al-Assad to propose construction of a gas pipeline from Qatar’s north Field through Syria on to Turkey and to the EU. 
Assad refused, citing Syria’s long friendly relations with Russia. 
That refusal combined with the Iran-Iraq-Syria gas pipeline agreement in 2011 ignited the full-scale Saudi and Qatari along with US assault on Syria and cause of rise of ISIS. 
ISIS is now war army of US + Israel + Saudi Arabia + Qatar and many other countries. US announced attack on ISIS but wanted to capture Syria. Now in counter attack Syrian president called his alliance Russia and China. 
Now world is on the verge of polarization, Russia + China + Iran + Syria + Iraq... and US + Israel + Saudi Arabia + Qatar + UK...
US are trying to rapture EU economy to down euro using IMF by weaken its member countries’ economies. Greece is one of the recent victim (Spain, Italy, Portugal are in queue).
Saudi Arabia is manipulating oil price to weaken Iran indirectly. Russia. China is in currency war with US. China did de-value its currency to compete with dollar (China market crash in Aug-Sept).
France voted against Israel for Palestine recognition as a State in UN in Sept-Oct 2015, and hurt Israel by looking for 2 states solution theory.
France had to pay for this by the #AttackinParis
China is capturing African countries and making lot of investments. Mali has been recently attacked because its President went to China's door to ask help and get rid of US occupied gold mines.

So taking all this situations into consideration, we have to be prepared and understand the risk of the seeds planted in our history. Remember one thing very clearly that EVERY WRONG STEP YOU TAKE, WILL EVENTUALLY COME BACK TO YOU WHEN YOU LEAST EXPECT IT!!!

Are We Really Heading Towards World War III??

By, 

kumar kothare

After World War II people around the world thought that it was last major war on Earth. This does not look appearing now.

In 1944 major countries of world sat in New Hampshire (Bretton wood conference) to declare Dollar as a world currency backed by gold (Gold Standard).US had reserve gold to print paper money. US started printing money and were enjoying it from 1945 to 1965 everything was fine but in 1965 US had war with Vietnam and in the effect of war the US economy started to tumble.

Until 1970 US was printing more and more dollar to overcome financial crisis. This made countries to start disbelieving in dollar and ask for gold in return of dollar.US had printed more dollar than gold it had. Redeem of gold would have destroy US economy. Therefore, US president Nixon ended gold back dollar and started printing more and more dollar to strengthen the economy. Dollar value in international market was gradually plunging as it was only paper money not backed by gold. 

Nixon took a very smart move, went to Arabs and asked to take dollar in exchange of oil. US also promised to give protection and weapons (This is called Petro-Dollar system). This was the first seed sown for the current war. Other OPEC members (Algeria, Angola, Ecuador, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, United Arab Emirates and Venezuela) also followed Saudi Arabia exchange policy. US economy started to emerge but other countries (China and Japan etc) had to make export oriented policies to get dollar to purchase oil.US economy is like a vehicle which cannot run without oil.

In 1999 enemy of Dollar had come into the picture "Euro". In 2000 Iraqi president (pro Russia-China) Saddam Hussain decided to sell oil in Euro. This assured his death warrant. US economy (dollar) might derail if Iraq and other OPEC members follow it. Therefore in 2003 Bush invaded Iraq on the pretext of chemical weapons to save the dollar and destroy the entire country .After Saddam, Iraq again started selling oil in dollar. Libya's Gaddafi declared using gold Dinar in exchange for oil in 2010. He also tried to form an African union and was planning to launch a satellite which was going to serve African nations. Gaddafi's step was against US and European nations who have been sucking the entire Africa continent for years. So US and EU invaded Libya and killed Gaddafi. 

Syria moved away from the dollar in 06 and Iran in 08. Now US has to keep Russia and China away from natural resources (oil and natural gas) and has to compete Euro/Yuan/Rubel as well.  Today the US-backed wars in Ukraine and in Syria are but two fronts in the same strategic war to cripple Russia and China and to rupture any Eurasian counter-pole. Natural gas has become the favored “clean energy” source for the 21st Century and the EU is the world’s largest growth market for gas, a major reason US wants to break the Russia-EU supply dependency to weaken Russia and keep control over the EU via loyal proxies like Qatar.

The world’s largest known natural gas reservoir sits in the middle of the Persian Gulf straddling part in the territorial waters of Qatar and part in Iran. China signed an agreement with Iran to develop gas pipeline infrastructure to bring the gas to China. 

To be continued….

Something about GPRS

By,
Adishree Kulkarni

General Packet Radio System is also known as GPRS is a third-generation step toward internet access. GPRS is also known as GSM-IP that is a Global-System Mobile Communications Internet Protocol as it keeps the users of this system online, allows to make voice calls, and access internet on-the-go. Even Time-Division Multiple Access (TDMA) users benefit from this system as it provides packet radio access.

GPRS also permits the network operators to execute an Internet Protocol (IP) based core architecture for integrated voice and data applications that will continue to be used and expanded for 3G services.

GPRS supersedes the wired connections, as this system has simplified access to the packet data networks like the internet. The packet radio principle is employed by GPRS to transport user data packets in a structure way between GSM mobile stations and external packet data networks. These packets can be directly routed to the packet switched networks from the GPRS mobile stations.

In the current versions of GPRS, networks based on the Internet Protocol (IP) like the global internet or private/corporate intranets and X.25 networks are supported.

Who owns GPRS?

The GPRS specifications are written by the European Telecommunications Standard Institute (ETSI), the European counterpart of the American National Standard Institute (ANSI).

Key Features

Following three key features describe wireless packet data:

• The always online feature - Removes the dial-up process, making applications only one click away.

• An upgrade to existing systems - Operators do not have to replace their equipment; rather, GPRS is added on top of the existing infrastructure.

• An integral part of future 3G systems - GPRS is the packet data core network for 3G systems EDGE and WCDMA.

Goals of GPRS

GPRS is the first step toward an end-to-end wireless infrastructure and has the following goals:

• Open architecture

• Consistent IP services

• Same infrastructure for different air interfaces

• Integrated telephony and Internet infrastructure

• Leverage industry investment in IP

• Service innovation independent of infrastructure

Benefits of GPRS

Higher Data Rate

GPRS benefits the users in many ways, one of which is higher data rates in turn of shorter access times. In the typical GSM mobile, setup alone is a lengthy process and equally, rates for data permission are restrained to 9.6 kbit/s. The session establishment time offered while GPRS is in practice is lower than one second and ISDN-line data rates are up to many 10 kbit/s.

Easy Billing

GPRS packet transmission offers a more user-friendly billing than that offered by circuit switched services. In circuit switched services, billing is based on the duration of the connection. This is unsuitable for applications with bursty traffic. The user must pay for the entire airtime, even for idle periods when no packets are sent (e.g., when the user reads a Web page).

In contrast to this, with packet switched services, billing can be based on the amount of transmitted data. The advantage for the user is that he or she can be "online" over a long period of time but will be billed based on the transmitted data volume.